Sources
Every source cited across our articles, and where we use it. Read about how we choose sources.
- Enzyme That Makes You Cry: Crystal Structure of Lachrymatory Factor Synthase from Allium cepa. ACS Chemical Biology (2017). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do Onions Make You Cry?
- Carbon Emissions and Large Neural Network Training. arXiv preprint (2021). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: How Much Energy Does ChatGPT Use?
- Making AI Less "Thirsty": Uncovering and Addressing the Secret Water Footprint of AI Models. arXiv preprint (v5, 2025); accepted by Communications of the ACM (2023). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: How Much Water Does AI Use?
- How Hungry is AI? Benchmarking Energy, Water, and Carbon Footprint of LLM Inference. arXiv preprint (v6, November 2025) (2025). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: How Much Water Does AI Use?, How Much Energy Does ChatGPT Use?
- Measuring the environmental impact of delivering AI at Google Scale. arXiv preprint, Google authors (self-reported) (2025). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: How Much Energy Does ChatGPT Use?
- Measuring the environmental impact of delivering AI at Google Scale. arXiv preprint; authors are Google employees (self-reported) (2025). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: How Much Water Does AI Use?
- Physiological correlates and emotional specificity of human piloerection. Biological Psychology (2011). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do We Get Goosebumps?
- Diverse stimuli induce piloerection and yield varied autonomic responses in humans. Biology Open (2024). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do We Get Goosebumps?
- What Causes Goosebumps?. BrainFacts.org, Society for Neuroscience (2019). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do We Get Goosebumps?
- Cell Types Promoting Goosebumps Form a Niche to Regulate Hair Follicle Stem Cells. Cell (2020). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do We Get Goosebumps?
- Characterization of Microwave-Induced Electric Discharge Phenomena in Metal-Solvent Mixtures. ChemistryOpen (2012). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Can You Put Aluminum Foil in the Microwave?
- 'Mist opportunity' reveals how onions make cooks cry. Cornell Chronicle (2025). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do Onions Make You Cry?
- Ominous Odors: olfactory control of instinctive fear and aggression in mice. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (2013). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do We Get Goosebumps?
- How much energy does ChatGPT use?. Epoch AI, Gradient Updates (analysis, not peer reviewed) (2025). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: How Much Energy Does ChatGPT Use?
- Developmental and pharmacological features of mouse emotional piloerection. Experimental Animals (1999). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do We Get Goosebumps?
- Some useful facts about water and ice. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Does Ice Float?
- California wildfires raise alarm on water-guzzling AI like ChatGPT. Fortune (2025). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: How Much Water Does AI Use?
- CHEM 245: Water. Gonzaga University (2017). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Does Ice Float?
- Getting to the bottom of goosebumps. Harvard Gazette (2020). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do We Get Goosebumps?
- Are Our Bodies Radioactive?. Health Physics Society. Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Are Bananas Radioactive?
- Elevated GM Reading on Maine Seaweed. Health Physics Society (2012). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Are Bananas Radioactive?
- Radiation Risk From Dental Implants. Health Physics Society (2018). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Are Bananas Radioactive?
- The Real Story on AI's Water Use–and How to Tackle It. IEEE Spectrum (2025). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: How Much Water Does AI Use?
- Energy and AI: Executive Summary. International Energy Agency (2025). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: How Much Energy Does ChatGPT Use?
- Corneal Sensory Receptors and Pharmacological Therapies to Modulate Ocular Pain. International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2025). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do Onions Make You Cry?
- Energy Use of AI Inference, Efficiency Pathways, and Test-Time Scaling. Joule (per arXiv listing); read as arXiv version; Microsoft authors (2026). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: How Much Energy Does ChatGPT Use?
- Severity of Onion Tearing and Chemosensory Sensitivity: A Preliminary Investigation. Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology (2026). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do Onions Make You Cry?
- 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (2024). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: How Much Water Does AI Use?
- Ice and Water (CHEM 210D: Modern Applications of Chemistry). LibreTexts, Duke University course text. Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Does Ice Float?
- Our contribution to a global environmental standard for AI. Mistral AI (self-reported) (2025). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: How Much Water Does AI Use?
- How People Use ChatGPT. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 34255 (not peer reviewed) (2025). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: How Much Energy Does ChatGPT Use?
- Microwave Oven Safety Tips. National Fire Protection Association. Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Can You Put Aluminum Foil in the Microwave?
- An onion enzyme that makes the eyes water. Nature (2002). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do Onions Make You Cry?
- Ice Safety. New York State Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Services. Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Does Ice Float?
- Snap, Crackle, Kale: The Science Of Why Veggies Spark In The Microwave. NPR (2016). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Can You Put Aluminum Foil in the Microwave?
- Low Sodium Salt Substitutes. Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity. Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Are Bananas Radioactive?
- 14.4 Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy, University Physics Volume 1. OpenStax, Rice University (2016). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Does Ice Float?
- The carbon and water footprints of data centers and what this could mean for artificial intelligence. Patterns (2026). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: How Much Water Does AI Use?
- Thermal Expansion and Density (EARTH 111: Water: Science and Society). Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences. Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Does Ice Float?
- Density of Ice. Physics Van, University of Illinois (2013). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Does Ice Float?
- Silencing Onion Lachrymatory Factor Synthase Causes a Significant Change in the Sulfur Secondary Metabolite Profile. Plant Physiology (2008). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do Onions Make You Cry?
- Body Potassium Content and Radiation Dose from 40K for the Urals Population (Russia). PLOS ONE (2016). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Are Bananas Radioactive?
- Under-ice convective regimes driven by sunlight and sediment temperature control water-ice heat flux. PNAS Nexus (2026). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Does Ice Float?
- Why do onions make you cry?. Poison Control (National Capital Poison Center). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do Onions Make You Cry?
- Droplet outbursts from onion cutting. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2025). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do Onions Make You Cry?
- Can You Microwave Aluminum Foil?. Reynolds Brands (2026). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Can You Put Aluminum Foil in the Microwave?
- Why chopping onions can turn on the waterworks. Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC Education) (2019). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do Onions Make You Cry?
- The Gentle Singularity. Sam Altman (OpenAI CEO), personal blog; company-linked, self-reported statement (2025). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: How Much Water Does AI Use?, How Much Energy Does ChatGPT Use?
- What is the chemical process that causes my eyes to tear when I peel an onion?. Scientific American (1999). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do Onions Make You Cry?
- Production and characterization of tearless and non-pungent onion. Scientific Reports (2016). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do Onions Make You Cry?
- Structure and hydrogen bonding at the limits of liquid water stability. Scientific Reports (2018). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Does Ice Float?
- Anatomy, Hair Follicle. StatPearls Publishing, NCBI Bookshelf (2024). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do We Get Goosebumps?
- Note on an email exchange with Shaolei Ren about the bottle-of-water estimate. Substack (Andy Masley) (2026). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: How Much Water Does AI Use?
- Episode 47: Something to Cry About. The Curious Clinicians Podcast (2022). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do Onions Make You Cry?
- The oceans: 3.2 The density of fresh water and seawater. The Open University, OpenLearn. Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Does Ice Float?
- Facts About Radiation from Air Travel. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2026). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Are Bananas Radioactive?
- Residential electric bills in Hawaii and Connecticut are twice those in New Mexico, Utah. U.S. Energy Information Administration (2025). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: How Much Energy Does ChatGPT Use?
- Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator: Calculations and References. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: How Much Energy Does ChatGPT Use?
- Natural Radioactivity in Food. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2026). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Are Bananas Radioactive?
- Pictograph: Microwave Oven Safety. U.S. Fire Administration. Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Can You Put Aluminum Foil in the Microwave?
- Microwave Ovens. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2023). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Can You Put Aluminum Foil in the Microwave?
- Raw Fruits Poster (Text Version / Accessible Version). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2017). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Are Bananas Radioactive?
- Water Use Across the United States Declines to Levels Not Seen Since 1970. U.S. Geological Survey (2018). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: How Much Water Does AI Use?
- Water Density. U.S. Geological Survey, Water Science School. Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Does Ice Float?
- Ice Storms. U.S. National Weather Service. Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Does Ice Float?
- Social Media: Cold and Winter Hazards. U.S. National Weather Service. Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Does Ice Float?
- Doses in Our Daily Lives. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (2026). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Are Bananas Radioactive?
- Molecule of the Month: Thiopropanal S-oxide. University of Bristol School of Chemistry (Molecule of the Month) (2007). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Do Onions Make You Cry?
- Banana Equivalent Dose. University of Groningen, Groningen Academy for Radiation Protection (2025). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Are Bananas Radioactive?
- What Happens Beneath the Ice?. University of Idaho, Idaho Water Resources Research Institute (2022). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Does Ice Float?
- Under the Ice: What Winter Means for Your Pond. University of Illinois Extension (2025). Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Why Does Ice Float?
- Cooking with Microwave Ovens. USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service. Accessed Nov 1, 2026.Used in: Can You Put Aluminum Foil in the Microwave?